Intro to Organic Chem

Structural Isomerism

1. Chain Isomerism
   Change Layout of Alkane Chain
   
   
2. Functional Group Isomerism
   Change Functional Group Altogether
   
   
3. Positional Isomerism
   Move Functional Group Around

Stereoisomerism

Optical Isomerism

Enatiomers are formed such that there is NO plane or center of symmetry. Otherwise, the compound is a meso compound. When two solutions of the same compound but with both existing as enatiomers of each other as mixed together, a racemic mixture is formed.

\[\require{mhchem} \begin{array}{c} \ce{\phantom{H_3}R_1}\\ | \\ \ce{R_2-C\text{*}-R_3}\\ | \\ \ce{R_4} \end{array}\]

Here, \(R_1\), \(R_2\), \(R_3\), \(R_4\) are all different for chirality of C (represented by *) to be ensured.

Geometric Isomerism

Cis-Trans Configurations is formed under restricted bond rotation, (C=C, Cyclic), with 2 different substituent groups on each carbon.

Diastereomer

Basically optical isomerism, but 1 to \(n_* - 1\) bonds are chiral centres are mirrored, asumming \(n_* > 1\).